tl;dr
destructive test:
# badblocks -wsv /dev/<device>

non destructive test:
# badblocks -nsv /dev/<device>

EDIT : Si on trouve des secteurs défectueux, on peux demander au système de ne pas les attribuer.

sudo badblocks /dev/<device> > bad-blocks
sudo fsck -l bad-blocks /dev/<device>

EDIT2 : From the badblocks's manpage
<<
      Important  note:  If the output of badblocks is going to be fed to the
       e2fsck or mke2fs programs, it is important  that  the  block  size  is
       properly  specified,  since  the block numbers which are generated are
       very dependent on the block size in use by the filesystem.   For  this
       reason,  it  is  strongly  recommended  that  users  not run badblocks
       directly, but rather use the -c option of the e2fsck and  mke2fs  pro-
       grams.
                     >>

Donc ne pas utiliser l'astuce de redirection de l'ouput pour e2fsck et mke2fs.

EDIT3 :
To not use bad sectors they have to be known by the filesystem.
fsck -vcck /dev/<device-PARTITION>
via le wiki d'archlinux